Evaluation of the maximum tongue and lip pressure in individuals with Class I, II, or III Angle malocclusions and different facial types / Avaliação da pressão máxima da língua e dos lábios em indivíduos com má oclusão Classe I, II e III de Angle e diferentes padrões faciais

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressure, tongue endurance, and lip pressure in Class I, II, and III malocclusions and different facial types. Methods A cross-sectional observational analytical study was carried out in 55 individuals (29 men and 26 women) aged between 18 and 55 years. The participants were divided into groups according to Angle malocclusion (Class I, II, and III) and facial type. The maximum anterior and posterior tongue pressure, tongue endurance, and maximum lip pressure were measured using the IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument). To determine the facial type, the cephalometric analysis was accomplished using Ricketts VERT analysis as a reference. Results There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the maximum pressure of the anterior and posterior regions of the tongue, the maximum pressure of the lips, or the endurance of the tongue in the different Angle malocclusion types. Maximum posterior tongue pressure was lower in vertical individuals than in mesofacial individuals. Conclusion Tongue and lips pressure, as well as tongue endurance in adults was not associated with the type of malocclusion. However, there is an association between facial type and the posterior pressure of the tongue.

RESUMO Objetivo comparar a pressão máxima anterior e posterior da língua, a resistência da língua e a pressão labial em indivíduos com más oclusões Classe I, II e III e diferentes tipos faciais. Método foi realizado um estudo analítico observacional transversal em 55 indivíduos (29 homens e 26 mulheres) com idades entre 18 e 55 anos. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a classificação de Angle para má oclusão (Classe I, II e III) e tipo facial. A pressão máxima anterior e posterior da língua, a resistência da língua e a pressão máxima dos lábios foram medidas usando o IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument). Para determinar o tipo facial, a análise cefalométrica foi realizada utilizando como referência a análise Ricketts VERT. Resultados não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa ao comparar a pressão máxima das regiões anterior e posterior da língua, a pressão máxima dos lábios ou a resistência da língua nos diferentes tipos de má oclusão. A pressão máxima posterior da língua foi menor em indivíduos com tipo facial vertical do que nos indivíduos mesofaciais. Conclusão a pressão de língua e lábios, assim como a resistência de língua em adultos não foi associada ao tipo de má oclusão. No entanto, existe uma associação entre o tipo facial e a pressão posterior da língua.

Orthodontists' preferences in the use and timing of appliances for the correction of malocclusions in growing patients / Preferencias de los ortodoncistas en el uso y momento oportuno de uso de aparatos para la corrección de maloclusiones en pacientes en crecimiento

Objective: To evaluate orthodontists' preferences in the use and timing of appliances for the correction of Class II and Class III malocclusions in growing patients and the sociodemographic factors that influence these preferences. Material and Methods: Active members of the Colombian Orthodontics Society (SCO) were invited to complete a previously validated survey on the use of Class II and Class III correctors in growing patients. Results: 180 orthodontists responded (80 male, 100 female). The appliances used most frequently in the treatment of Class II malocclusion were Planas indirect tracks (32.78%) and Twin-blocks (30.56%). Facemasks (62.22%) and Progenie plates (25%) were the most prevalent appliances used in the treatment of Class III malocclusions. Regarding treatment timing, 52% of the orthodontists stated that Class II malocclusions must be treated during late mixed dentition or early permanent dentition, 42% stated that treatment for Class III malocclusions should occur during early mixed dentition. Appliance use and treatment timing were significantly associated with sex (p= 0.034), years of practice (p= 0.025), and area of work (private clinics or public institutions), (p= 0.039). Conclusion: Twin-blocks and Facemask appliances were the preferred appliances for Class II and Class III treatment, respectively, in growing patients. Most of the orthodontists believed that Class II malocclusions must be treated during late mixed dentition and that Class III malocclusions must be treated during early mixed dentition. Sociodemographic variables are related factors that influence orthodontists' preferences in the use of these appliances.

Objetivo: Evaluar las preferencias de los ortodoncistas en el uso y momento oportuno de uso de aparatología para la corrección de maloclusiones Clase II y Clase III en pacientes en crecimiento y los factores sociodemográficos que influyen en estas preferencias. Material y Métodos: Se invitó a miembros activos de la Sociedad Colombiana de Ortodoncia (SCO) a completar una encuesta previamente validada, sobre el uso de correctores para Clase II y Clase III en pacientes en crecimiento. Resultados: Respondieron un total de 180 ortodoncistas (80 hombres, 100 mujeres). La aparatología más utilizada en el tratamiento de las maloclusiones de Clase II fueron pistas indirectas de Planas (32,78%) y bloques gemelos (30,56%). La máscara facial (62,22%) y las placas progenie (25%) fueron los aparatos más utilizados en el tratamiento de las maloclusiones de Clase III. En cuanto al momento oportuno del tratamiento, el 52% de los ortodoncistas afirmó que las maloclusiones de Clase II deben tratarse durante la dentición mixta tardía o la dentición permanente temprana, el 42% afirmó que el tratamiento para las maloclusiones de Clase III debe ocurrir durante la dentición mixta temprana. El uso de aparatos y el momento oportuno del tratamiento se asociaron significativamente con el sexo (p= 0,034), los años de práctica (p= 0,025) y el área de trabajo (clínicas privadas o instituciones públicas) (p= 0,039). Conclusión: Los aparatos bloques gemelos y la máscara facial fueron los preferidos para el tratamiento de Clase II y Clase III, respectivamente, en pacientes en crecimiento. La mayoría de los ortodoncistas consideran que las maloclusiones de Clase II deben tratarse durante la dentición mixta tardía y que las maloclusiones de Clase III deben tratarse durante la dentición mixta temprana. Las variables sociodemográficas son factores relacionados que influyen en las preferencias de los ortodoncistas en el uso de estos aparatos.

Interdisciplinariedad en el diagnóstico del síndrome de clase III esquelético de Moyers / Interdisciplinarity in the diagnosis of Moyers skeletal class III syndrome

RESUMEN Fundamento: Dentro de las anomalías de la oclusión que provocan afectación estética y funcional en los pacientes, se destaca el síndrome de clase III esqueletal de Moyers, cuyo diagnóstico debe ser preciso y precoz. Objetivo: Cuantificar la concordancia entre los criterios diagnósticos ortodóncicos y médicos en los portadores del síndrome de clase III esquelético de Moyers. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente "Mártires del Moncada" de Santiago de Cuba desde enero de 2018 hasta enero de 2020. Se estudiaron, por Ortodoncia y diferentes especialidades médicas seleccionadas, 15 pacientes de 8 a 18 años de edad diagnosticados clínica y cefalométricamente con clase III esqueletal de Moyers. Resultados: El nivel de acuerdo entre ortodoncia y las diferentes especialidades médicas fue leve con Oftalmología (Kappa=0.10), casi perfecta con Ortopedia (Kappa=1.00), pobre por Gastroenterología y por Otorrinolaringología (Kappa de 0.09 y 0.10 respectivamente), resultados estadísticamente significativos solo con Ortopedia. Conclusiones: Es evidente la marcada concordancia entre los diagnósticos ortodóncicos y ortopédicos en el síndrome de clase III esquelético, a diferencia del resto de las especialidades médicas; probablemente asociado a la no estandarización de las evaluaciones clínicas.

ABSTRACT Background: Among the occlusion anomalies that cause esthetic and functional affectation in patients, Moyers skeletal class III syndrome stands out, its diagnosis should be accurate and early. Objective: To quantify the concordance between orthodontic and medical diagnostic criteria in patients with Moyers skeletal class III syndrome. Methodology: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the "Mártires del Moncada" Provincial Teaching Dental Care Clinic of Santiago de Cuba from January 2018 to January 2020. 15 patients aged 8 to 18 years clinically and cephalometrically diagnosed with Moyers skeletal class III were studied by Orthodontics and different selected medical specialties. Results: The level of agreement between Orthodontics and the different medical specialties was slight for Ophthalmology (Kappa=0.10), almost perfect for Orthopedics (Kappa=1.00), poor for Gastroenterology and Otolaryngology (Kappa of 0.09 and 0.10 respectively), statistically significant results only for Orthopedics. Conclusions: The manifest concordance between orthodontic and orthopedic diagnoses in skeletal class III syndrome is evident, unlike the rest of the medical specialties; probably associated with non-standard clinical evaluations.

Revisión de los principales manejos ortodónticos interceptivos y correctivos no quirúrgicos de la maloclusión clase III / Review of the main non-surgical interceptive and corrective orthodontic management of Class III malocclusion

La maloclusión clase III se considera un reto en la práctica de todo ortodoncista. Una de las principales dudas al respecto reside en ¿cuándo es el mejor momento para intervenir? Exis- ten dos enfoques en el manejo ortodóntico del paciente: 1) la ortodoncia interceptiva; y 2) la ortodoncia correctiva. La or- todoncia interceptiva busca la prevención del establecimiento de la malolcusión. En este grupo, se encuentra el uso de más- cara facial con disyunción maxilar y el de aparatología fija (2x4 o 2x6). Por otro lado, la intervención correctiva hace re- ferencia al camuflaje de las características que trae consigo la maloclusión clase III ya establecida; dentro de este enfoque se encuentran las extracciones de piezas, el uso de minitornillos extraalveolares y la filosofía MEAW. Se puede concluir que el adecuado manejo de la maloclusión clase III radica en el oportuno y correcto diagnóstico, que debe realizarse a través de la minuciosa inspección de las características y hallazgos intra y extraorales de los pacientes (AU)

Class III malocclusion is considered a challenge in the practice of every orthodontist. One of the main questions is: when is the best time to intervene? There are 2 approaches to the orthodontic management of the patient: 1) interceptive orthodontics, and 2) corrective orthodontics. Interceptive or- thodontics seeks to prevent the establishment of malocclusion by means of the use of a facial mask with maxillary disjunc- tion, or the use of fixed appliances (2x4 or 2x6). Corrective intervention refers to camouflaging the characteristics of a Class III malocclusion that is already established. This ap- proach uses tooth extraction, extra-alveolar mini screws or the MEAW philosophy. To conclude, proper management of Class III malocclu- sion is based on timely, correct diagnosis, which must be made through careful inspection of the characteristics and intraoral and extraoral findings in patients (AU)

Comparing Outcomes of Airway Changes and Risk of Sleep Apnea after Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery and Mandibular Setback Surgery in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the airway changes and risks of sleep apnea after the bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and mandibular setback surgery in the growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ISI, Google scholar have been utilized as the electronic databases for performing systematic literature between 2010 to August 2020. The quality of the included studies has been assessed using MINORS. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16 software. Results: In electronic searches, a total of 218 potentially relevant abstracts and topics have been found. Finally, 23 papers met the criteria defined for inclusion in this systematic review. The mean difference of upper airway total volume changes between before and after surgery was (MD = 1.86 cm3 95% CI 0.61 cm3-3.11 cm3; p= 0.00) among 14 studies. This result showed that after Mandibular Setback Surgery, there was a statistically significant decrease in the upper airway volume. Conclusion: Class III Patients who undergo bimaxillary surgery show no other significant difference in airways volume after surgery than patients in Class III who undergo mandibular setback alone.

Accuracy Assessment of Virtual Surgical Planning Comparing 3D Virtual Surgical Planning and Post-Operative CBCTs in Surgical Skeletal Class III Cases: A Retrospective Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) comparing VSPs and post-operative CBCT scans in patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery of severe Skeletal Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: Twenty-three patients (9 males and 14 females, mean age 24.1 ± 7.0 years) were selected and submitted to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Pre-operative VSPs and post-operative CBCTs were compared using both linear (taking into account four skeletal and six dental landmarks, each one described by the respective coordinates) and angular measures (seven planes in total). The threshold discrepancies for post-operative clinical acceptable results were set at ≤2 mm for liner and ≤4° for angular discrepancies. The mean difference values and its 95% confidence interval were identified, comparing which planned and which obtained in absolute value. Results: There were significant statistical differences for all absolute linear measures investigated, although only two overcome the linear threshold value of 2mm in both X and Y-linear dimensions. Linear deviations in Z-linear dimension do not reach statistical significance. All 12 angular measures reach the statistical significance, although none overcome the threshold angular value of 4°. Angular deviation for roll register the higher accuracy in contrast to pitch and yaw. Conclusion: Virtual surgical planning is a reliable planning method to be used in orthognathic surgery field; as a matter of fact, although some discrepancies between the planned on the obtained are evident, most of them meet the tolerability range.

Gonial Angle Characteristics of Class III Malocclusion in Javanese Ethnic

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the gonial angle characteristics in class III skeletal malocclusion in Javanese ethnic. Material and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 43 Javanese ethnic patients were measured: upper (Go1) and lower gonial angle (Go2), anterior (AFH) and posterior face height ratio (PFH), maxilla-mandibular length difference, mandibular plane angle (FMA), Y axis, ramus position, ANB angle, posterior cranial base/ramus height and mandibular body length/anterior cranial base. The relation between Go1, Go2 and other variables were analysed using correlation and regression analysis. Results: The total gonial angle is within normal range, but Go1 is below normal and Go2 is above normal. There is no difference between male and female gonial angle measurements (p=0.939 and p=0.861, respectively). Ramus position is positively correlated to Go1 (p=0.003), while AFH (p=0.000), maxilla-mandibular length difference (p=0.000), FMA (p=0.000), Y axis (p=0.000), and posterior cranial base/ramus height (p=0.018) are positively correlated to Go2. PFH is negatively correlated to Go2 (p=0.018). Conclusion: The upper gonial angle is influenced by the position of mandibular ramus, while the lower gonial angle is affected by the posterior and anterior lower facial height and mandibular size and rotation. Javanese with class III malocclusion tends to have hypodivergent facial type, with more posteriorly located mandibular ramus and excess mandibular length.

Orthognathic surgery with anterior segmental osteotomy as alternative of treatment in patients with dento-skeletal deformity class III AP maxillary deficiency with dental compensation: case report / Cirugía ortognática con osteotomía segmentaria anterior como alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con deformidades dento esqueletales (DDE) clases III por deficiencia AP maxilar compensados dentalmente: caso clínico

Introduction: Orthognathic surgery is a routine procedure carried out by maxillofacial surgeons in patients with dento-skeletal deformations (DSD) with the objective of achieving functional and esthetical satisfactory results. However, some in cases, due to the decision of the patient or the orthodontic team, the occlusion is tried to be compensated with the intention of avoiding surgery, without optimal results. As a consequence, some extra procedures are required in the surgery to correct and obtain better results. Objective: The aim of this case is to propose the anterior segmental osteotomy (ASO) as alternative of treatment in patients with dento-skeletal deformity class III with maxillary and para-nasal deficiency which have been orthodontically compensated. Material and methods: A 18 years old female with DED Class III due anterior-posterior (AP) maxillary and paranasal deficiency and AP mandibular excess. The surgery was carried out through Le Fort I osteotomy in combination with a segmentary osteotomy at the expense of first premolars and bilateral setback sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Clinical and imageology post operatory controls were made during the first 6 months and at two years. Results: Through the realization of the anterior segmental osteotomy the correction of occlusal and transversal alterations of the patient maxilla were performed and additionally favorable facial changes were obtained. Conclusion: The initial orthodontic management of patients with DSD will influence the surgical procedures and the achievement of a balance between esthetics and function. This illustrates why the treatment of these patients must be multidisciplinary; the treatment that was chosen in this case was innovative and could be an alternative for the treatments of patients with DED Class III.

Introducción: La cirugía ortognática es un procedimiento de rutina que realizan los cirujanos bucomaxilofaciales en pacientes con deformidades dento esqueletales (DDE) con la finalidad de lograr un resultado funcional y estético satisfactorio. Sin embargo, hay casos en los cuales, ya sea por decisión del paciente o por el ortodoncista, se intenta compensar la oclusión con el fin de evitar la fase quirúrgica no obteniendo los resultados más óptimos; y como consecuencia, se requiere de procedimientos adicionales a los convencionales en la cirugía para corregir y lograr el mejor resultado. Objetivo: El propósito de este caso es proponer la osteotomía segmentaria anterior (OSA) como alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con Deformidad Dento Esqueletal clase III con deficiencia maxilar y paranasal los cuales han sido compensados ortodonticamente. Material y Métodos: Paciente femenina de 18 años de edad con Deformidad Dento Esqueletal Clase III por deficiencia AP maxilar y paranasal y exceso AP mandibular. Se realiza cirugía mediante osteotomía Le Fort I en combinación con osteotomía segmentaria a expensas de primeros premolares, osteotomía sagital de rama bilateral de retroposición. Se realizan controles post-operatorios clínico e imagenológicos durante los primeros 6 meses. Resultados: Por medio de la realización de la osteotomía segmentaria anterior se pudo realizar la corrección de las alteraciones oclusales y transversales del maxilar de la paciente, además de producir cambios faciales favorables. Conclusión: El manejo inicial de los pacientes con deformidades dento-esqueletales por parte del ortodoncista va influir en los procedimientos quirúrgicos y en lograr un balance entre lo estético y lo funcional, por lo que el tratamiento en estos pacientes es multidisciplinario; el tratamiento realizado en este caso en una solución innovadora y puede llegar a tomarse como alternativa en los tratamientos de las clases III.

Tratamiento de la hipoplasia anteroposterior maxilar / Treatment of anteroposterior maxillary hypoplasia

RESUMEN Los pacientes con hipoplasia anteroposterior del maxilar superior deben ser detectados durante la atención odontológica temprana, o sea, cuando todavía están en período de crecimiento, con la finalidad de poder inducir cambios de tipo alveolar, esqueléticos y estéticos. La paciente tenía 12 años de edad, contaba con potencial remanente de crecimiento y presentaba Síndrome de Clase III esqueletal, por retrusión del maxilar superior. La caracterizaba una mandíbula de tamaño normal y una mordida cruzada anterior; en su tratamiento se utilizó la máscara facial ortopédica de Petit, para la tracción anterior del maxilar, y el tornillo Hyrax, para la expansión dentoalveolar. Estos instrumentos se emplearon con el fin de corregir la mordida cruzada posterior simple del lado izquierdo. Se observaron resultados satisfactorios desde el punto de vista esqueletal, oclusal, faciales y del perfil.

ABSTRAC Patients with anteroposterior hypoplasia of the upper jaw should be detected during early dental care, that is, when they are still growing, in order to be able to induce alveolar, skeletal and aesthetic changes. The patient was 12 years old, had residual growth potential and presented skeletal Class III Syndrome due to retrusion of the upper jaw. She was characterized by a normal sized jaw and an anterior crossbite; a Petit orthopedic face mask was used as a treatment for anterior maxillary traction and a Hyrax screw for dentoalveolar expansion. These instruments were used in order to correct the simple posterior crossbite on the left side. Satisfactory results were observed from the skeletal, occlusal, facial and profile points of view.

Tratamiento con Activador Abierto Elástico de Klammt en pacientes con Síndrome de Clase III / Treatment with Klammt Elastic Open Activator in patients with Class III Syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: en los últimos años se utilizan con éxito una gama de aparatos funcionales para las Clases III. Uno de ellos es el Activador Abierto Elástico de Klammt, que presenta un diseño sencillo, a diferencia de otros aparatos que son empleados para corregir este tipo de maloclusión. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento con activador abierto elástico de Klammt en el Síndrome de Clase III. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo, en el servicio de Ortodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica "José Martí" de Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río. El universo estuvo constituido por 15 pacientes con síndrome de Clase III, la muestra se conformó por 10 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se realizó a cada paciente el diagnóstico clínico y estudio cefalométrico antes y después del tratamiento ortodóncico. Resultados: luego del tratamiento, se produjeron cambios positivos en el sobrepase, relación molar y resalte incisivo. Los resultados cefalométricos esqueletales más notables fueron: un aumento del ángulo ANB por la disminución del SNB, además de la disminución de la longitud mandibular. Estos resultados fueron corroborados al aplicar la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para un nivel de significación de 0,05. Conclusiones: el Activador Abierto Elástico de Klammt constituye un método eficaz en pacientes con Síndrome de Clase III, sobre todo cuando se emplea desde edades tempranas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in recent years a range of functional appliances has been successfully used for Class III. One of them is Klammt Open Elastic Activator, which has a simple design, unlike other devices that are used to correct this type of malocclusion. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of Klammt elastic open activator treatment in Class III Syndrome. Methods: an analytical, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out at José Martí Orthodontic Service Clinic in Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río. The target group consisted of 15 patients with Class III syndrome, the sample was comprised of 10 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Clinical diagnosis and cephalometric studies were performed on each patient and after orthodontic treatment. Results: after treatment, there were positive changes in the overpass, molar relation and incisor protrusion. The most notable cephalometric-skeletal results were: an increase in the ANB angle due to a decrease in the SNB, as well as a decrease in mandibular length. These results were corroborated by applying the Wilcoxon nonparametric test for a significance level of 0.05. Conclusions: Klammt Open Elastic Activator is an effective method in patients with Class III Syndrome, especially when it is applied in early ages.

Manejo ortodóncico de la clase III: presentación de un caso clínico / Orthodontic management of class III: presentation of a clinical case

Introducción: La maloclusión clase III es considerada como severa y en la mayoría de los pacientes la etiología suele estar combinada entre componentes esqueléticos y dentoalveolares. Las posibilidades terapéuticas dependerán de la edad biológica del paciente y del tipo de maloclusión. Conforme va aumentando la edad del paciente va menguando la capacidad de crecimiento y se va asentando la relación de clase III esquelética. Las maloclusiones de clase III esqueléticas se pueden corregir mediante extracciones dentales y cirugía ortognática. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 13 años de edad con protrusión mandibular, discrepancia óseo dentaria negativa, convexidad facial disminuida y clase III dental y esqueletal. Resultados: Se resolvió la discrepancia óseo dentaria negativa del paciente, se logró la clase I Molar y canina con una sobremordida adecuada (AU)

Introduction: Class III malocclusion is considered severe and in most patients the etiology is usually combined between skeletal and dentoalveolar components. The therapeutic possibilities depend on the biological age of the patient and the type of malocclusion. As it increases the age of the patient wanes growth capacity and Will settled the relationship skeletal class III. The skeletal class III malocclusion can be corrected by tooth extractions and orthognathic surgery. Case report: Male patient 13 years old with mandibular protrusion, negative tooth bone discrepancy, decreased facial convexity and dental and skeletal class III. Results: Dental patient refusal bone discrepancy was resolved, I molar and canine class and adequate overbite was achieved (AU)

Altering Vertical Dimension: A Literature Review / Alteración de la dimensión vertical: Revisión de la literatur a

The alteration of the vertical dimension it's been a controversial issue for more than 50 years, today is not known an exact protocol to determine what is the right vertical dimension for each person and the appropriate variation to which you can submit a patient without causing any type of joint, muscle, functional or aesthetic alteration. In this review, we show the different concepts and criteria that must be taken into account in order to carry out successful treatments, whether in dentate, partially edentulous or totally edentulous patients to determine a vertical dimension that adapts to each patient through parameters such as facial aesthetics, health of the temporomandibular joint, occlusion and phonetics.

La alteración de la dimensión vertical es un tema controvertido desde hace más de 50 años, al día de hoy no se conoce un protocolo exacto para determinar qué es la dimensión vertical adecuada para cada persona y la variación adecuada de esta a la que se puede alguna vez un paciente sin provocar algún tipo de alteración articular, muscular, funcional o estética. En este artículo de revisión de tema, se muestran los diferentes conceptos y criterios que se deben tener en cuenta para llevar a cabo el éxito los tratamientos que se realizan ya sea en pacientes dentados, editados o totalmente editados para determinar una dimensión vertical que se adaptan a cada paciente mediante parámetros como la estética facial, la salud de la articulación temporomandibular, oclusión y fonética.

Association of the P561T and C422F polymorphisms of the growth hormone receptor gene with facial dimensions / Asociación de los polimorfismos P561T y C422F del gen receptor de la hormona del crecimiento con dimensiones faciales

Background: Growth hormone plays a significant role in determining craniofacial morphology. Mutations of its receptor gene might be associated with mandibular prognathism (MP). Purpose: The aim of the current study was to evaluate growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene polymorphisms in relation to facial dimensions. Material and Method: The study enrolled 65 participants with class III profile in MP group and 60 orthognathic control participants. Genomic DNA was extracted from a blood sample from the patients and the P561T and C422F polymorphisms of GHR gene were screened by PCR-RFLP method followed by Sanger sequencing of randomly selected samples to validate the genotyping results. Chi square was used to compare distribution of polymorphism in MP and control groups (p<0.05). Results: Heterozygous P561T mutation was found in 10.77% and 8.33% of MP and control groups, respectively (p=0.644) while none of the subjects had the C422F mutation. Sanger sequencing confirmed the genotyping results from the PCR-RFLP method. P561T polymorphism was significantly associated with ramus and lower facial height in MP patients and with ramus height in orthognathic patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that the P561T polymorphism of the GHR gene is associated with the vertical dimension of the mandible in an Iranian population.

Antecedentes: La hormona del crecimiento desempeña un papel importante en la determinación de la morfología craneofacial. Las mutaciones de su gen receptor podrían estar asociadas con el prognatismo mandibular (PM). Propósito: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar dos polimorfismos del gen del receptor de la hormona del crecimiento (RHC) en relación con las dimensiones faciales. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio incluyó a 65 participantes con perfil de clase III en el grupo MP y 60 participantes de control ortognático. El ADN genómico se extrajo de una muestra de sangre de los pacientes y los polimorfismos P561T y C422F del gen RHC se seleccionaron mediante el método PCR-RFLP seguido de la secuenciación por Sanger de muestras seleccionadas al azar para validar los resultados del genotipo por RFLP. El test chi cuadrado se utilizó para comparar la distribución del polimorfismo en el grupo MP y grupo control (p<0.05). Resultados: Se encontró mutación heterocigota P561T en 10.77% y 8.33% de los grupos PM y control, respectivamente (p=0.644) mientras que ninguno de los sujetos tenía la mutación C422F. La secuenciación de Sanger confirmó los resultados de genotipado por el método PCR-RFLP. El polimorfismo P561T se asoció significativamente con la rama y la altura facial más baja en pacientes con PM y con la altura de la rama en pacientes ortognáticos (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados indican que el polimorfismo P561T del gen RHC está asociado con la dimensión vertical de la mandíbula en una población iraní.

ABORDAGEM ORTOCIRÚRGICA DE UMA MALOCLUSÃO CLASSE III ASSOCIADA ÀS NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS: RELATO DE CASO / ORTHODONTIC-SURGICAL APPROACH TO A CLASS III MALOCCLUSION ASSOCIATED TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES: CASE REPORT

A maloclusão Classe III é desafiadora para a prática ortodôntica devido a etiologia multifatorial e a imprevisibilidade do crescimento do complexo craniofacial. Inúmeros perfis esqueléticos e dentários associados as maloclusões Classe III podem ser resultantes do prognatismo mandibular, retrusão maxilar ou associação de ambos. Ao final do crescimento, o tratamento destas alterações limita-se à compensação dentária ou ao tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico. Este artigo apresenta o caso clínico de uma paciente com maloclusão esquelética e dentária Classe III, conduzida ao tratamento ortocirúrgico convencional em decorrência da impossibilidade de camuflagem ortodôntica, com realização de osteotomias combinadas dos maxilares, visando a perspectiva de melhoria estética e funcional. Os dados foram coletados por meio de revisão do prontuário, modelos de estudo, radiografias, tomografia cone beam e registros fotográficos intra e extrabucais. O tratamento proposto proporcionou resultados funcional e estético almejados, com adequada intercuspidação entre os arcos dentários, aumento de volume na região do terço médio da face e redução da projeção do mento no perfil.

Class III maloclusions are challenging for clinical orthodontics due to its multifactorial etiology and the craniofacial growth's unpredictability. Numerous skeletal and dental profiles associated with Class III maloclusions can result from mandibular prognathism, maxillary retrusion or association of both. After growth is ceased, treatment of these conditions is limited to dental compensation or orthodontic- surgical treatment. This article reports the case of a patient with Class III skeletal and dental malocclusion, treated with orthodontics and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. This treatment plan was chosen due to the impossibility of orthodontic camouflage and to improve aesthetics and function. Data were collected through a review of medical records, study models, radiographs, cone beam computed tomography, and intra and extraoral photos. The treatment achieved the desired functional and aesthetic results, with adequate intercuspidation between the dental arches, increased volume of the face's middle third region, and reduction of chin's projection.

Class III Malocclusion: Missense Mutations in DUSP6 Gene

Objective: To determine the DUSP6 gene mutation in three generations of Malaysian Malay subjects having Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: Genetic analyses of DUSP6 gene were carried out in 30 subjects by selecting three individuals representing three generations, respectively, from ten Malaysian Malay families having Class III malocclusion and 30 healthy controls. They were submitted Clinical Evaluation to clinical examination, lateral cephalometric radiographs, dental casts, and/ or facial and intra-oral photographs. Buccal cell was taken from each participant of Class III malocclusion and control groups. DNA extractions from buccal cell were carried out using Gentra puregene buccal cell kit. Bio Edit Sequence Alignment Editor software was used to see the sequencing result. Results: A heterozygous missense mutation c.1094C>T (p. Thr 365 Ile) was identified in DUSP6 gene in three members of one family with Class III malocclusion, whereas no mutation was found in the control group. Conclusion: Current study successfully identified a missense mutation in DUSP6 gene among one Malaysian Malay family affected by Class III malocclusion. The outcome of this study broadened the mutation spectrum of Class III malocclusion and the importance of DUSP6 gene in skeletal functions.

Expansão e disjunção palatina em pacientes classe III com uso de máscara facial / Palatin expansion and disjunction In class III patients with facial mask

O tratamento de má oclusão Classe III esquelética representa um grande desafio ao profissional. Quando a má oclusão de Classe III for determinada por uma retrusão maxilar, o tratamento ortopédico precoce é in¬dicado, onde o tratamento de escolha é a disjunção palatina seguida do uso de máscaras faciais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar e discutir fatores determinantes para o planejamento da expansão maxilar. A metodologia utilizada foi de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, realizada na base de dados da SCIELO e LILACS. Os resultados mostraram que os fatores determinantes para o planejamento da expansão maxilar depende¬rão do tempo do tratamento para se conseguirem resultados positivos, pois, variam muito, de acordo com as características da força empregada, tais como magnitude, direção e horas de uso; e as chances relação dos maxilares com o crânio, a dimensão vertical e a idade do paciente. Conclui-se que o uso da expansão rápida da maxila ou disjunção palatina associado à máscara facial é bastante eficaz no tratamento da má oclusão de Classe III em idade precoce

The treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion presents a great challenge to the professional. When Class III malocclusion is determined by maxillary retrusion, early orthopedic treatment is indicated where the treatment of choice is palatal disjunction followed by facial masks. The purpose of this study is to analyze and discuss determinant factors for maxillary expansion planning. The methodology used was a bibliogra¬phic research, carried out in the database of SCIELO and LILACS. The results showed that the determinant factors for the planning of the maxillary expansion will depend on the time of the treatment in order to obtain positive results, since it varies greatly according to the characteristics of the force employed, such as magnitude, direction and hours of use, and the chances of success depend on some factors, such as: the relationship between the maxilla and the mandible, the relation of the jaws to the skull, the vertical dimension and the age of the patient. It is concluded that the use of rapid maxillary expansion or palatine disjunction associated with facial mask is very effective in the treatment of Class III malocclusion at an early age

Cephalometric characteristics of Class III malocclusion In Brazilian individuals

Aim: To evaluate the cephalometric characteristics of Class III malocclusion in Caucasian Brazilian subjects. Methods: The sample comprised 71 lateral cephalograms of individuals not previously submitted to any orthodontic treatment. The Class III group (experimental group) comprised 37 patients with bilateral Class III molar relationship and ANB lower than 1 degree, with a mean age of 21.76+3.89 years (13 males and 24 females). The Class I group (control group) consisted of 34 patients with bilateral Class I molar relationship, ANB angle higher than or equal to 1° and lower than 3°, with a mean age of 21.88+3.5 years (12 males and 22 females). Dental, skeletal and soft tissue measurements were compared using the t test for independent samples. Results: The results demonstrated that the Class III individuals showed significant differences in the cephalometric characteristics, except in vertical skeletal variables. The angular variables (SNA, SNB, ANB, SND, 1.1, 1.NA, 1.NB, IMPA, NA.Pog, H.NB) and the linear variables (Pog-Nperp, Co-Gn, 1-orbit, 1-NA, 1-NB, 1-NPog, 1-ANperp, FN-Pog, H-nose, Pog-NB, E menton) demonstrated statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusions: In Class III group, subjects presented maxilla with normal size, yet retruded in relation to the anterior cranial base; protruded mandible with increased size; and concave skeletal and soft tissue profiles. The maxillary incisors were protruded and buccally tipped, and the mandibular incisors were retruded and lingually tipped. Higher prevalence of mandibular prognathism (67.6%) was observed in the Class III group.

Multidisciplinary treatment of adult patients with Class III malocclusion / Tratamento multidisciplinar de paciente adulto com má oclusão de Classe III

This article describes the multidisciplinary treatment of an adult patient presenting with Angle Class III malocclusion, alteration of the mandibular position, vertical alveolar bone loss and absence of teeth in the lower posterior region. With advancing age the existence of occlusal interference due to loss of teeth or tooth structure is very common, resulting in periodontal problems due to occlusal trauma. The options for treatment of Class III malocclusion in adolescent and adult patients include compensatory orthodontic treatment in mild to moderate cases and orthognathic surgery for moderate to severe cases. The combination of various dental specialties enabled improvement in the social circumstances of the patient. This can be observed objectively by the final dental relationship and by the skeletal and tegumentary cephalometric comparison between the situation at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. The compensatory treatment performed permitted the successful correction of a Class III malocclusion in the clinical case presented.

Este trabalho descreve o tratamento multidisciplinar de um paciente adulto com má oclusão de Classe III de Angle, alteração postural da mandíbula, perda óssea alveolar vertical e ausência dentária na região póstero-inferior. Com o avanço da idade é muito comum a existência deinterferências oclusais devido à perda de dentes ou de estrutura dentária, resultando em problemas periodontais devidos ao trauma oclusal. As opções de tratamento da má oclusão de Classe III em adolescentes e pacientes adultos incluem tratamento ortodôntico compensatórios emcasos suaves a moderados e cirurgia ortognática para casos moderados a severos. O resultado clínico da interação de diferentes especialidadesodontológicas permitiu uma melhora do aspecto social da paciente, objetivamente pela relação dentária final e pela comparação cefalométricaesquelética e tegumentar entre o início e final de tratamento. O tratamento compensatório realizado possibilitou o sucesso na correção de umamá oclusão de Classe III do caso clínico apresentado.

Diagnóstico e tratamento precoce da Classe III: relato de caso clínico / Class III diagnosis and early treatment: case report

No estudo das más oclusões, podem estar presentes tanto alterações dentárias como esqueléticas. Nos casos de má oclusão Classe III pode-se observar retrusão maxilar, protrusão mandibular ou a combinação destes sinais, e, muitas vezes associadas a uma atresia maxilar que geralmente se manifesta por mordidas cruzadas anteriores, posteriores, uni ou bilaterais. Este relato de caso clínico tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos no perfil facial e na oclusão da terapia ortodôntica interceptativa. O tratamento realizado com expansão do arco superior e protração maxilar foi executado em idade bastante jovem para que atuasse efetivamente no sistema sutural circumaxilar e o efeito ortopédico fosse facilitado. A máscara facial utilizada apoia-se em dois pontos da face e permite um reposicionamento maxilar anterior. A colaboração do paciente é importante para alcançar o sucesso do tratamento, isto porque o tempo de uso da máscara ainda nesta fase de crescimento e desenvolvimento é primordial para que os efeitos faciais e oclusais aconteçam. É importante ressaltar que os pacientes com má oclusão de Angle Classe III devem ser acompanhados até o final do crescimento...

In malocclusion studies, may happen not only dental discrepancies but even skeletal discrepancies. In Class III malocclusion can be observed underdeveloped maxilla, mandible protraction or both of them, and, in most of the times associated with a narrow maxilla that causes anterior or posterior crossbites, in one side or in two sides. The aim of this case report is to evaluate the facial profile and occlusal effects of interceptive orthodontics therapy. The treatment with upper arch expansion and maxilla protraction was done in an early age to be effective in the circummaxillary sutural system and to make the orthopedic effect easier. The facial mask used is positioned on two facial points and allows an anterior maxillary replacement. Patients' compliance is important to reach treatment success, this because using the mask still in this growth and development phase is essential to make the facial and occlusal effects happen. It is important to mention that patients with Angle Class III malocclusion need to be followed till the end of their growth...

Influência da hiperplasia condilar no crescimento craniofacial e estabilidade do tratamento de pacientes classe III pós surto de crescimento pubertáro / Influence of condylar hyperplasia on post pubertal class III patients craniofacial growth and treatment stability

A estabilidade do tratamento cirúrgico da classe III tem sido uma preocupação com relatos de pequenas ou significativas alterações mandibulares pós-cirúrgicas, Alguns pacientes afetados pela instabilidade do tratamento podem manter relação oclusal aceitável com compensações ortodônticas pós-cirúrgicas, mas outros irão desenvolver alterações oclusais e esqueléticas de forma significativa, necessitando de intervenção adicional ortodôntica e cirúrgica gerando custo adicional e aumento da morbidade. Muitas variáveis têm sido apontadas como preditoras da instabilidade do tratamento, mas poucos estudos sugerem a hiperplasia condilar (HC) como um fator de risco para a correção cirúrgica da Classe III. 51 pacientes classe III foram selecionados consecutivamente de uma população de pacientes operados entre 1996 e 2007 por um único cirurgião. Telerradiografias em norma lateral foram selecionadas nas seguintes fases: diagnóstico inicial, imediatamente antes da cirurgia, imediatamente após a cirurgia e com pelo menos um ano de acompanhamento pós-cirúrgico. Um total de 19 pontos de referência foram identificados e digitalizados através da utilização do software DFPlus (Dentofacial Software Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Estes pontos de referência foram utilizados para calcular 21 medidas lineares e/ou angulares e 10 medidas horizontais e verticais. A amostra que apresentava classe III associada a hiperplasia condilar obteve maior taxa de crescimento mandibular total pós puberal (2,6 mm) e maior comprimento do corpo (2,2 mm). Diante de uma má oclusão esquelética de classe III associada a HC, a adoção de uma abordagem de tratamento diferenciada é de fundamental importância para a obtenção de resultados estáveis, embora os tratamentos que envolvam a manipulação da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) sejam vistos com cautela por muitos profissionais da área de cirurgia, para algumas patologias articulares, como a hiperplasia condilar, é necessário a intervenção cirúrgica na ATM em conjunto com a cirurgia ortognática para que resultados previsíveis em longo prazo sejam obtidos, evitando assim uma segunda cirurgia para a correção definitiva do problema

Class III surgical treatment stability has been a concern with reports of minor or significant post-surgical mandibular change. Most of the patients affected by treatment instability may retain acceptable oclusal relation while some of the skeletal position changes. Other affected patients have to undergo further treatment generating additional cost and increased morbidity. Many variables have been identified as predictors of treatment instability, but few reports suggest condylar hyperplasia as a risk factor for class III surgical correction. 51 class III patients records were consecutively selected from the patient population operated between 1996 and 2007 by the senior author. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected at the following periods: initial, immediate before surgery, immediate after surgery and at least one year follow-up). A total of 19 landmarks were identified and digitized using DFPlus software (Dentofacial Software Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). These landmarks were used to compute 21 traditional linear and/or angular measurements and 10 horizontal and vertical measurements. During the observational period in the present sample condylar hyperplasia promoted higher post pubertal total mandibular growth rate (2.6 mm) and higher corpus length (2.2 mm). Appropriate condilar hyperplasia diagnosis and customized approach are mandatory in order to obtain stable results for Class III surgical treatment. Although treatments that involving manipulation of the temporomandibular joint to be viewed with caution by many professionals in the field of surgery, for some articular pathologies, such as condylar hyperplasia, it is necessary to approach the TMJ together with orthognathic surgery so that stable long term results are obtained, thereby avoiding a second surgery for the final remediationv of the problem